Memorandum on the latest developments in Western Sahara
Morocco has illegally occupied part of Western Sahara for more than 47 years, a UN-listed Non-Self-Governing Territory since 1963, in violation of core international law principles and the UN Charter; the ICJ’s 1975 ruling found no historical tie of sovereignty between Western Sahara and Morocco. The UN, African Union, and EU have not recognized Morocco’s occupation/annexation, which the UN Security Council and General Assembly have repeatedly criticized and described as a continued occupation. The memorandum argues the dispute remains unresolved due to Morocco’s obstruction and international inaction, including Morocco’s failure to honor the UN–OAU Settlement Plan (accepted in 1988 and approved by the Security Council in 1990–91) and its continued blocking of the agreed referendum on Sahrawi self-determination.
MINURSO: United Nations mission for the referendum in Western Sahara
This book is intended to be a part of a series of works that have been published about themes of warfare and conflicts under the auspices of Helion & Company Limited.
The coloniality of ecological modernization
The dominant narratives on how to confront climate change are often presented as neutral proposals concerned with the well-being of the planet and its inhabitants. This article exemplifies how concepts like Ecological Modernization and Sustainable Development are used in the name of energy transitions to prolong illegal military occupations in two territories, occupied Western Sahara and the occupied Syrian Golan Heights. We expose the enduring coloniality of such concepts that have been critiqued not only for their lack of neutrality but also for their contribution to the denial of basic human rights such as self-determination, sovereignty, and the right to resourcehood.